Hubungan Malnutrisi dan Frailty Pada Lansia : Scoping Review

Abstract

The increase in the global aging population has led to a rise in geriatric health issues, particularly malnutrition and frailty, which are interrelated and contribute to a decline in functional capacity and quality of life. Until now, these conditions have often been studied separately; thus, a comprehensive study is needed to understand the relationship between the two. This study aims to identify and analyze scientific evidence regarding the relationship between malnutrition and frailty in older adults through a scoping review method. Literature was obtained from the PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus databases with a publication range of 2021–2026 using the keywords "malnutrition", "frailty", and "elderly" or "older adults". A total of 13 articles met the inclusion criteria. The review results indicate a relationship between malnutrition and frailty in older adults. Older adults with a frail condition are known to have a 4.47 times greater risk of experiencing malnutrition compared to non-frail older adults. This linkage occurs through the mechanism of sarcopenia, which is triggered by a deficit in protein and energy intake, resulting in a decrease in muscle mass and strength. In addition to biological factors, this condition is influenced by psychological and social factors, such as depression, social isolation, and dependence in daily activities. This risk is found to be higher in hospitalized older adults due to the stressors of acute illness and immobilization. In conclusion, malnutrition and frailty have been shown to form a mutually worsening pathological cycle. Therefore, the implementation of integrated early detection and the provision of multicomponent interventions focusing on meeting nutritional needs and increasing physical activity are highly essential to break this cycle, so that the independence and quality of life of older adults can be optimally maintained.